Syllabus

Extended Syllabus PDF

Book

The Book of R - PDF

Last Week

Course Home Page LINK

Week 2 - Presentation LINK

3th Week - Extended Syllabus

Repeat - Linux

webminal.org

Repeat and Practice

• Direction Commands
  • pwd (Print Working Directory)
  • ls (List Directories)
  • cd (Change Directory)
  • mkdir (Make Directory)
• File Commands
  • touch
  • cat (Concatenate)
  • rm (Remove)
  • cp (Copy)
  • mv (Move)
• vi command
  • esc and i
  • :q and :q! and :qw

Practice

1. Learn where you are (Print your working directory)
2. Look at inside (list all documents and directories)
3. Create a new folder (make a directory,<my_new_dir>)
4. Go to the <my_new_dir> (change your directory)
5. Create a new file (touch it, file name : <my_new_file>)
6. Open your file with text editor (vi <my_new_file>)
7. Activate Insert mode (with i)
8. Write this line:
9. Write/Save and Quit (:wq)
10. Change your new file name (move <my_new_file.sh>)
11. Run the script <my_new_file.sh> (bash .sh)
12. Turn back parent directory (cd ..)
13. Delete all files and folders (remove -rf)

What is Data?

Data are things, known or assumed as facts, making the basis of reasoning or calculation.

What is Metadata?

Metadata is information about data.

What is Metadata?

Data Formats

• Data Types

• Data Set

• Data Formats

Data Types

• Vector
  • Point
  • Line
  • Polygon

• Raster

• Gridded

Vector Data

Vector data structures represent specific features on the Earth’s surface, and assign attributes to those features.

BONUS - Point to Polygon

Thiessen polygon

It defines an area around a point, where every location is nearer to this point than to all the others (2D).

Raster Data

Rasters are made up of a matrix of pixels (also called cells), each containing a value that represents the conditions for the area covered by that cell.

Vector vs Raster

Vector vs Raster

Vector vs Raster

Gridded Data

• A multi-dimensional rectangular or square-shaped
• The array of grid
• Borders and points which are containing values

Gridded Data

BONUS - Numerical weather prediction (NWP)

NWP uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions.

Data Set

• Observation

• Forecast

• Re-Analysis Data

• Ensamble Data

Observation Data

The information collected by a primary source.

Forecast

The process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data.

Re-Analysis Data

A scientific method for developing a comprehensive record. Observations and a numerical model are combined objectively.

Ensemble Data

Instead of making a single forecast, a set (or ensemble) of forecasts. This set of forecasts aims to give an indication of the range of possible future states of the atmosphere.

Data Formats

• ASCII (csv, txt)

• netCDF

• HDF

• GRIB

• Shapefile

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASCII codes represent text in computers and other devices.

• .txt (tab-separated values)
• .csv (comma-separated values)
• .xls (excel spreadsheet)

netCDF

Network Common Data Form

A file format for storing multidimensional scientific data (variables) such as temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and direction.

netCDF - .nc

NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)

UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research)

HDF - .hdf

Hierarchical Data Format

Designed to store and organize large amounts of data.

National Center for Supercomputing Applications, supported by The HDF Group.

GRIB - .grib

GRIdded Binary or General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary form

Data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data.

World Meteorological Organization

GRIB - .grib

Shapefile - .shp

Geospatial vector data format for geographic information system (GIS) software.

It is developed and regulated by Esri.

Shapefile - .shp

Data Sources

• Earthdata
• KNMI
• Wordclim
• ERA
• GFS
• ESGF
• CRU
• E-OBS

Earthdata

LINK

KNMI

The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

LINK

Wordclim

LINK

ERA

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts

LINK

GFS

National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)

LINK

ESGF

The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF)

LINK

CRU

Climatic Research Unit-University of East Anglia

LINK

E-OBS

Europe daily gridded observational dataset

LINK

Data Download

• Click
• ftp, sftp, https, ssh
• wget

Click

KNMI Climate Explorer

ftp, sftp, https

• ftp - File Transfer Protocol
• sftp - Secure File Transfer Protocol
• https - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
• ssh - Secure Shell

BONUS - FileZilla

ssh.itu.edu.tr

cdo, nco and NCL

• cdo
• nco
• NCL

cdo

Climate Data Operator

2019-06-13: 1.9.7

LINK

cdo

era5_t2m.nc

cdo

cdo yearmonmean era5_t2m.nc era5_t2m_yearmonmean.nc
era5_t2m_yearmonmean.nc

cdo

cdo splitmon era5_t2m.nc era5_t2m_splitmon
era5_t2m_splitmon10.nc

cdo

cdo sellonlatbox,26,-45,36,42 era5_t2m.nc era5_t2m_TR.nc
era5_t2m_TR.nc

cdo

cdo seasmean era5_t2m.nc era5_t2m_seasmean.nc
era5_t2m_seasmean.nc

nco

netCDF Operator

2019 Jul 01: 4.8.1

PDF

nco

ncdiff era5_t2m_splitmon03.nc era5_t2m_splitmon04.nc era5_t2m_splitmon0304_ncdiff.nc
era5_t2m_splitmon0304_ncdiff.nc

NCL

NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Command Language

LINK

NCL

NCL

NCL

NCL - Vapor

BONUS - ncview

netCDF visual browser

LINK

Syllabus

Extended Syllabus

BOOK

The Book of R - The Language - Getting Started

(Part 1, Section 1, Pg. 3-14)

The Book of R - PDF

Homework

• Download R and R Studio

Udemy - R Basics - LINK

• Introduction to R

Datacamp - Introduction to R - Intro to basics (FREE) - LINK

QUIZ

R - Getting Started